Why bother with protein folding?

For those of you who use (or refer to) my textbooks, you may notice that I've been gradually adding more and more coverage of protein folding to most of them. My newest text (due out in March) adds a bit more to the story. Why bother?  Isn't that way more than beginning students need to know for an A&P course preparing students for health careers?

I submit that beginning A&P students should know a bit about protein folding.

Knowing the very basic principles of protein folding help students visualize the complex shape of proteins.  That, in turn, helps them understand that "it's all about shape" when trying to understand how proteins like enzymes, receptors, and most other proteins work—proteins that they'll encounter many times throughout their A&P course and beyond. 

Besides that, protein folding has become a key concept in understanding not only how the body functions, but how to intervene therapeutically in important diseases.  If a class of therapy based on protein folding is now being developed, a class of therapy that many of our students will likely encounter in their professions, don't we owe it to them to cover the basic ideas of protein folding? 

This latest idea was brought up at a recent meeting of the American Society of Cell Biology (ASCB).  You may want to read the article below, which briefly summarizes some current work being done in developing drugs that affect protein folding systems.  None of the specific  information in the article would be appropriate for A&P students to learn.  But reading it will give the A&P professor better insights about why the concept of protein folding is important for students to learn.  And it gives you a chance to say, "I was just reading about how scientists are now developing drugs based on protein folding . . . " to get their attention in class!

Want to know more?

Protein Folding and Disease: The Path from Bench to Bedside
V. Glaser
Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology News 15 Jan 2012. Vol. 32, No. 2
[Brief, illustrated article that clearly summarizes some recent work in applying principles of protein folding to drug therapies.]
my-ap.us/wFh6F2

Protein folding animation
[Interesting Quicktime animation that shows a protein folding]
my-ap.us/xzWnW4

GCSF Protein Folding Illustration Movie
[Another animation, a bit more complex than the previous one.  Clearly shows different types of models used in most A&P textbooks.]
my-ap.us/xpSisS


The Three-Dimensional Structure of Proteins
[Narrated animation showing four levels of protein structure, including visualization of protein folding.]
my-ap.us/yAS2fr

Slides Serve the Story of Anatomy & Physiology | Episode 66

Host Kevin Patton talks about ways to improve our teaching slides, the challenge of trying new things, how to make sure our web meetings secure from Zoom bombing, and the Foldit protein folding game. Check out AAA's virtual meeting week, OMES virtual conference, HAPS's virtual town hall meetings.

00:58 | Fumbling First Try
02:33 | Sponsored by AAA
06:19 | Zoombombing
11:09 | Sponsored by HAPI
12:22 | Foldit Protein Folding Game
16:48 | Sponsored by HAPS
17:32 | FreeMedEd: OMES Virtual Conference
19:33 | Slides Serve Our Story
31:27 | Sponsored by ADInstruments
32:52 | Staying Connected

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When we have no relevant experience or expertise, the vulnerability, uncertainty, and fear of these firsts can be overwhelming. Yet, showing up and pushing ourselves past the awkward, learner stage is how we get braver. (Brené Brown)

Fumbling First Try

5.5 minutes
Professor and author Brené Brown talks about "effing first tries" but which I call "fumbling first tries." These are the firsts cited in the quote above—those that involve that awkward learner stage. And yes, getting through our FFTs makes us braver!

• Collective Vulnerability, the FFTs of Online Learning, and the Sacredness of Bored Kids (Brené Brown's blog post) my-ap.us/3by5tay
• Brené on FFTs (Unlocking Us podcast episode) my-ap.us/2yoRpBY
• Making Mistakes Teaching Anatomy & Physiology | Episode 63

Sponsored by AAA

1.5 minutes
A searchable transcript for this episode, as well as the captioned audiogram of this episode, are sponsored by the American Association for Anatomy (AAA) at anatomy.org.

Searchable transcript

Captioned audiogram 

April 6-10, 2020→ Special Virtual Annual Meeting Week at theAPprofessor.org/VAMW20
Don't forget—HAPS members get a deep discount on AAA membership!

Zoombombing

3.5 minutes
Zoombombing involves unwanted intrusion into our web meetings. There are ways to avoid this however!

• ‘Zoombombing’ Attacks Disrupt Classes (article discussing the importance of familiarizing yourself with the settings in your web meeting platform to avoid intrusive and offensive interruption) my-ap.us/2WGYCHH
  • How to Keep the Party Crashers from Crashing Your Zoom Event (post from Zoom on how to manage settings for safety) my-ap.us/3bwesZY
  • Are Zoom Chats Private? Here’s Why You Should Think Before Opening The App (Forbes article) my-ap.us/2wfqyaM
  • ‘Zoom is malware’: why experts worry about the video conferencing platform (article from The Guardian) my-ap.us/2wgde62
• Web Meeting & Webinar Skills (student handout you can use or adapt for your course)
  • Found only in the TAPP app
  • Getting the TAPP app
    • Search "The A&P Professor" in your device's app store
    • iOS devices: my-ap.us/TAPPiOS
    • Android devices: my-ap.us/TAPPandroid
    • Kindle Fire: amzn.to/2rR7HNG
  • The TAPP app is an easy way to share this podcast
    • Even folks who don't know how to access a podcast can download an app
• 5-minutes to a Great Virtual Meeting Experience (Steve Stewart's video summarizing what he's learned about doing web meetings. You can share this with your students, too.)
  • theAPprofessor.org/SteveVideo

Sponsored by HAPI Online Graduate Program

1 minute
The Master of Science in Human Anatomy & Physiology Instruction—the MS-HAPI—is a graduate program for A&P teachers. A combination of science courses (enough to qualify you to teach at the college level) and courses in contemporary instructional practice, this program helps you be your best in both on-campus and remote teaching. Kevin Patton is a faculty member in this program. Check it out!

nycc.edu/hapi

Foldit Protein Folding Game

4.5 minutes
The online protein folding game called Foldit lets you and/or your students help scientists work out protein folding that promotes scientific advancement. And interesting way to learn science, help science, and contribution to potential therapies for COVID-19 and other diseases. Teaching resources are available.

• Foldit: Solve Puzzles for Science (start page for the site where you solve protein folding puzzles) fold.it
• Foldit: Instructions for Educators (help in using Foldit in your course) my-ap.us/39y2Ioe
• The creativity of citizen scientists could help researchers design proteins that may be able to fight the SARS-CoV-2 virus. (Interview with scientists who use Foldit results.) my-ap.us/2Jvhwti
• Want to fold some proteins? (my 2012 post in The A&P Professor blog on Foldit, with links) my-ap.us/33YbH0K
• Protein folding game (my 2012 post for students in The A&P Student blog) my-ap.us/33XbbAf
• Why bother with protein folding? (post in The A&P Professor blog about why I think our students need to know something about protein folding) my-ap.us/2w35y73

Sponsored by HAPS

0.5 minutes
The Human Anatomy & Physiology Society (HAPS) is a sponsor of this podcast.  You can help appreciate their support by clicking the link below and checking out the many resources and benefits found there. Watch for virtual town hall meetings and upcoming regional meetings!
Anatomy & Physiology Society
theAPprofessor.org/haps

Online Medical Education Summit

2 minutes
Past guest on this podcast Chase DiMarco introduces a new event from FreeMedEd—the Online Medical Education Summit (OMES) at FreeMedEd.org/OMES

• Memory Palaces with Chase DiMarco | Episode 64
• Social media:
  • Facebook FreeMedEd
  • Medical Mnemonist Mastermind FB Group
  • Twitter @freemeded
  • YouTube FreeMedEd
  • Instagram @FreeMedEd
  • LinkedIn FreeMedEd
• Faculty can book a one-on-one chat with Chase DiMarco at
  • • bookme.name/chasedimarco/
  • Students or faculty can get personalized tutoring at
    • https://freemeded.org/tutoring/
  • Read This Before Medical School: How to Study Smarter and Live Better While Excelling in Class and on your USMLE or COMLEX Board Exams
    • Chase DiMarco's book
    • amzn.to/2ThbBwv
    • Reviewed by Kevin Patton at
      • Book Club for Anatomy & Physiology Professors
      • Episode 64 Preview (book club segment) theAPprofessor.org/64#pre

Slides Serve Our Story

12 minutes
When we give presentations, it's best if our slides serve our story—rather than letting our story serve our slides. How to do that? Sparse, well-organized text and lots of pictures.

• Are Your Students Dodging Bullets? (blog post) my-ap.us/2JEMKxX
• Presentation Zen (blog post) my-ap.us/39IwI0J
• Handling bullets safely (blog post) my-ap.us/3aCJgIe

Offer from ADInstruments

1 minute
Episode sponsor ADInstruments is offering their  Lt online learning platform with content for laboratory solutions in physiology, anatomy, and biology free at this time to help professors get ready-to-go, quality online lab experiences quickly.
🡲 Just go to Adinstruments.com/lt/covid19 to get this offer.
And tell 'em The A&P Professor podcast is where you heard about it!




If the hyperlinks here are not active, go to TAPPradio.org to find the episode page.

• More details at the episode page.
• Transcript available in the transcript box.
• Listen to any episode on your Alexa device.
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Transcript and captions for this episode

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American Association for Anatomy.

anatomy.org

The Human Anatomy & Physiology Society 

aprovides marketing support for this podcast. 

theAPprofessor.org/haps

Distribution of this episode is supported by 

NYCC's online graduate program in 

Human Anatomy & Physiology Instruction (HAPI) 

nycc.edu/hapi

Clicking on sponsor links 

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Follow The A&P Professor on  Twitter, Facebook, Blogger, Nuzzel, Tumblr, or Instagram!

The A&P Professor® and Lion Den® are registered trademarks of Lion Den Inc. (Kevin Patton)

Click here to listen to this episode—or access the detailed notes and transcript.

Protein Mechanism in Neurodegenerative Diseases

Huntingtin

Huntingtin, the abnormal protein that produces clumps characteristic of Huntington disease (HD), can spread from one neuron to another. That's what a recent study has uncovered. Because such protein clumping is observed in other neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer disease (AD) and Parkinson disease (PD), some scientists hope that understanding this newly discovered mechanism of transmission within brain tissue may lead to possible treatments or preventive strategies.

If you want to read more about it, check out the resources I've provided below.

What can we use from this in teaching undergraduate A&P?

• This information can help us answer those pesky "why do we need to know all this if I'm going to be a [insert health profession here]?" challenges when covering the details of protein structure.  The sequence of amino acids and the complex folded structure of proteins really does have real-world clinical implications.  And is already becoming necessary to understand disease mechanisms and treatment strategies.  In real life!
• Discussing the basic idea of this discovery provides a starting platform from which we can jump into discussions of 
• Degeneration of tissues in general and neurodegeneration in particular
• Why neurodegeneration in specific brain locations produces specific neural deficits
• Prions and their possible roles in various disorders
• The possible roles of genetic mechanisms in neurodegenerative disorders
• The need to know details about protein structure (see item above)
• Current directions in medical research—that proteins are hot!

Want to know more?

Neurodegeneration’s Spread

• Ashley P. Taylor. The Scientist. August 4, 2014
• Plain-English article describing the new research showing that pathogenic protein aggregates that accumulate within neurons and are a hallmark of Huntington’s disease can propagate from cell to cell.
• my-ap.us/1kDnJnk

Transneuronal propagation of mutant huntingtin contributes to non-cell autonomous pathology in neurons

• E. Pecho-Vrieseling et al., Nature Neuroscience, 13 July 2014, doi:10.1038/nn.3761, 2014.
• The original research article.
• my-ap.us/YKuauI

Huntington disease

• PubMed Health. last reviewed 28 May 2013
• Basic information about HD.
• my-ap.us/1tAVHbM

Why Bother with Protein Folding?

• Kevin Patton. The A&P Professor. 22 May 2012.
• Further discussion of why protein folding is important in the undergrad A&P course; includes links to other resources.
• my-ap.us/1vtd9Ad

Want to Fold Some Proteins?

• Kevin Patton. The A&P Professor. 13 June 2012.
• Introduction of the Foldit game that allows anyone to participate in protein-folding research by playing an online folding game.
• my-ap.us/1l1PYMz

Want to fold some proteins?

In a previous post, I proposed that A&P students should be aware of the basic elements of protein folding.  To follow up, I'd like to mention a interesting phenomenon related to protein folding and "citizen science" using an online game called Foldit.  


The Foldit game is an online puzzle game in which anybody can try their hand and finding which way a given protein folds most efficiently.  Interestingly, this has proven to yield useful results for biochemists not obtainable by traditional methods.

You may want to mention the Foldit game to students.  I've already posted it at my blog The A&P Student.

Want to know more?

Online Gamers Achieve First Crowd-Sourced Redesign of Protein
Jessica Marshall & Nature magazine
Scientific American Online January 22, 2012
[Brief article about recent redesign of a protein by online gamers using Foldit. Original paper published in Nature Biotechnology]
my-ap.us/wRK2bV

Foldit Online Protein Puzzle
Scientific American Citizen Science accessed 23 January 2012
[Brief description of the online game Foldit and the goals of the project.]
my-ap.us/zIV75F

Foldit - Solve Puzzles for Science
[Direct link to portal for the game Foldit]
my-ap.us/wfRQPF

New life science journal eLife publishes first articles

Most journals that publish the "big news" in life science breakthroughs, such as Nature and Science, carry with them big price tags for accessing the information they contain.  Unless your institution subscribes, that leaves most A&P professors out of the loop on the information we need to update our courses.  More importantly, it leaves us out of the loop of information that helps us keep the excitement of science alive in our courses.

The Public Library of Science (PLoS) began publishing FREE online science journals a few years ago, and now a new MAJOR free online journal dedicated specifically to the life sciences and biomedicine has emerged.  See my-ap.us/SqSOJM for more information

First announced in summer 2011, eLife is a researcher-led initiative for the best in science and science communication. Backed by the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, the Max Planck Society, and the Wellcome Trust, the initiative’s first aim is to launch an open-access journal for outstanding advances in life science and biomedicine, which is also a platform for experimentation and showcasing innovation in research communication.

The eLife journal Web site is set for launch by the end of 2012, but the first collection of articles was released October 15 – listed at the eLife Web site with the full content available at the online archive of the U.S. National Library of Medicine, PubMed Central (PMC), and its mirror sites including UKPMC.

According to Randy Schekman, the journal’s Editor-in-chief, “We see no reason to delay the availability of these discoveries. Our editors have identified them as important, inspiring contributions of the high caliber expected for eLife. So, while the launch of our own journal Web site isn’t expected until December, we will best serve our authors, and science, by just getting them out there.”

eLife’s initial collection of content includes these topics that may be of interest to A&P professors:

• A hormone involved in response to starvation that dramatically increases the lifespan of mice in which it is overexpressed, although further research into side effects is needed (Zhang et al.).  Information about this discovery will increase student interest in endocrine function, eh?


• A critical signaling molecule involved in the interaction between a species of single-celled organisms and bacteria – an important advance in efforts to understand the evolution of multicellularity (Alegado et al.).  I often discuss the implications of the serial endosymbiosis theory in my teaching of cell biology— I think this new information may play into that whole scenario.


• How cells cope with the stress of poorly folded proteins, and specifically how fission yeast deploys the same cellular machinery as other organisms but in an unusual and very different way (Kimmig et al.). I've mentioned the importance of understanding protein folding in A&P many times.

Links to the freely available full text for each article, plain-language summaries (the eLife digest), expert commentaries (Insights), and an editorial describing the motivations behind this move, are available at my-ap.us/U7OP25.  I think the eLife digest and the Insights are particularly useful for A&P professors and A&P students to use in expanding their understanding of human structure and function.

Want to know more?

For more information about eLife, visit my-ap.us/S5K9d3.

To sign up for free updates in the areas that interest you at my-ap.us/WToDyp

Content adapted from eLife press release 

Episode 66 Intro | TAPP Radio Preview

A brief preview of the upcoming full episode, featuring upcoming topics—plus word dissections (virus, coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, pandemic, epidemic), a book club recommendation (Presentation Zen), and more!

00:19 | ADInstruments Free Offer
01:16 | Topics
02:56 | Sponsored by HAPI Online Graduate Program
03:29 | Word Dissection
10:59 | Sponsored by HAPS
11:30 | Book Club
14:15 | Sponsored by AAA
15:21 | Staying Connected

 

If you cannot see or activate the audio player click here.

Please take the anonymous survey: theAPprofessor.org/survey

Questions & Feedback: 1-833-LION-DEN (1-833-546-6336)
Follow The A&P Professor on Twitter, Facebook, Blogger, Nuzzel, Tumblr, or Instagram!

 

Offer from ADInstruments

1 minute

Episode sponsor ADInstruments is offering their  Lt online learning platform with content for laboratory solutions in physiology, anatomy, and biology free at this time to help professors get ready-to-go, quality online lab experiences quickly. 

🡲 Just go to Adinstruments.com/lt/covid19 to get this offer.
And tell 'em The A&P Professor podcast is where you heard about it!

 

Upcoming Topics

1.5 minutes

• FFT: fumbling first try
• Zoom-bombing
• Foldit, the online protein folding game
• Keeping teaching slides simple and connected to our story

 

Sponsored by HAPI Online Graduate Program

0.5 minute

The Master of Science in Human Anatomy & Physiology Instruction—the MS-HAPI—is a graduate program for A&P teachers. A combination of science courses (enough to qualify you to teach at the college level) and courses in contemporary instructional practice, this program helps you power up  your teaching. It also gets you up to speed with the online teaching strategies.  Kevin Patton is a faculty member in this program. Check it out!

• nycc.edu/hapi

 

Word Dissection

7.5 minutes

• virus
• coronavirus
• SARS-CoV-2
• pandemic
• epidemic

 

Sponsored by HAPS

0.5 minute

The Human Anatomy & Physiology Society (HAPS) is a sponsor of this podcast.  You can help appreciate their support by clicking the link below and checking out the many resources and benefits found there. Watch for virtual HAPS Town Hall meetings to keep in touch and share ideas about moving to remote learning!

• Anatomy & Physiology Society
  • theAPprofessor.org/haps

 

Book Club

2.5 minutes

• Presentation Zen: Simple Ideas on Presentation Design and Delivery
  • by Garr Reynolds
  • amzn.to/2JpWR9N
• For the complete list (and more) go to theAPprofessor.org/BookClub
• Special opportunity
  • Contribute YOUR book recommendation for A&P teachers!
    • Be sure include your reasons for recommending it
  • Any contribution used will receive a $25 gift certificate
  • The best contribution is one that you have recorded in your own voice (or in a voicemail at 1-833-LION-DEN)
• For the complete list (and more) go to theAPprofessor.org/BookClub

 

Sponsored by AAA

1 minute

• Check out the Virtual Annual Meeting Week (VAMW) extravaganza!
  • April 6-10th, 2020 
  • theAPprofessor.org/VAMW20
• A searchable transcript for this episode, as well as the captioned audiogram of this episode, are sponsored by the American Association for Anatomy (AAA) at anatomy.org.
  • Searchable transcript
  • Captioned audiogram 

If the hyperlinks here are not active, go to TAPPradio.org to find the episode page.

• More details at the episode page.
• Transcript available in the transcript box.
• Listen to any episode on your Alexa device.
• Need help accessing resources locked behind a paywall? Check out this advice from Episode 32 to get what you need! https://youtu.be/JU_l76JGwVw?t=440

 

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The A&P Professor Logo Items

 

Sponsors

 

Transcript and captions for this episode

are supported by the 

American Association for Anatomy.

anatomy.org

 

The Human Anatomy & Physiology Society 

aprovides marketing support for this podcast. 

theAPprofessor.org/haps

 

Distribution of this episode is supported by 

NYCC's online graduate program in 

Human Anatomy & Physiology Instruction (HAPI) 

nycc.edu/hapi

 

This episode sponsored in part by

ADInstruments

Now offering the Lt online lab platform free to teachers!

Adinstruments.com/lt/covid19

 

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helps let them know you appreciate

their support of this podcast!

 

Follow The A&P Professor on  Twitter, Facebook, Blogger, Nuzzel, Tumblr, or Instagram!

 

The A&P Professor® and Lion Den® are registered trademarks of Lion Den Inc. (Kevin Patton)

 

Click here to listen to this episode—or access the detailed notes and transcript.

Even More Pandemic Teaching Tips | TAPP 72

After acknowledging racism as that other major pandemic we must fight, host Kevin Patton carries on with even more practical tips for teaching remotely—and for taking with us back to campus. Included are tips for creating and using a home office, even when there is no room, and advice on using our office space as a media studio. Plus a brief apology.

• 00:59 | Pandemic Teaching. Still. And Again.
• 06:58 | Sponsored by AAA
• 07:43 | Faculty Office in a Box
• 14:42 | Sponsored by HAPI
• 15:36 | The Media-Friendly Faculty Office
• 34:05 | Sponsored by HAPS
• 34:46 | An Apology
• 35:01 | Staying Connected

If you cannot see or activate the audio player click here.

Please take the anonymous survey: theAPprofessor.org/survey

Questions & Feedback: 1-833-LION-DEN (1-833-546-6336)
Follow The A&P Professor on Twitter, Facebook, Blogger, Nuzzel, Tumblr, or Instagram!

The beauty of anti-racism is that you don’t have to pretend to be free of racism to be an anti-racist. Anti-racism is the commitment to fight racism wherever you find it, including in yourself. And it’s the only way forward. (Ijeoma Oluo)

Pandemic Teaching. Still. And Again.

6 minutes
Things happen. And we should be prepared for further shifts and sudden switches as we move through the summer sessions and into fall. As we deal with the fallout of the COVID-19 pandemic, we also fight the effects of that other pandemic: racism.

• Previous episodes, seminars, & resources with tips for pandemic teaching
  • Mid-Winter Winterizing of Our Courses | Bonus Episode 63
  • Quickly Moving to Remote Delivery—The Musical | Bonus Episode 64b
  • Still Moving Our Course to Remote| Episode 65
  • Simple Ideas for Moving to Remote Learning
  • Pandemic Teaching
  • Simple Ideas for Pandemic Teaching | Episode 67

Sponsored by AAA

1 minute
A searchable transcript for this episode, as well as the captioned audiogram of this episode, are sponsored by the American Association for Anatomy (AAA) at anatomy.org.

Searchable transcript

Captioned audiogram 

Don't forget—HAPS members get a deep discount on AAA membership!

Faculty Office in a Box

7 minutes
Don't have an office space to use at home? Got you covered!

• Pandemic Teaching: A Survival Guide for College Faculty
  • by Kevin Patton
  • books2read.com/PandemicTeaching
• Examples of items mentioned in this segment.
  • Blanket fort clips amzn.to/2ZcXOdi
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  • Fan lionden.com/pattonfanclub.htm
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Sponsored by HAPI Online Graduate Program

1 minute
The Master of Science in Human Anatomy & Physiology Instruction—the MS-HAPI—is a graduate program for A&P teachers, especially for those who already have a graduate/professional degree. A combination of science courses (enough to qualify you to teach at the college level) and courses in contemporary instructional practice, this program helps you be your best in both on-campus and remote teaching. Kevin Patton is a faculty member in this program. Check it out!

nycc.edu/hapi

The Media-Friendly Faculty Office

18 minutes
Audio and video tips for remote teaching—but which are useful for on-campus teaching, too.

• Examples of items mentioned in this segment
  • Official tee shirt from The A&P Professor my-ap.us/2YBIFmD
  • Stress ball amzn.to/3eFm8L3
  • Ring light amzn.to/2A8Z1ts
  • Samson Q2U microphone my-ap.us/2B65q9r
  • AcuRite clock amzn.to/3dDGnrr
  • PromptDog teleprompter software promptdog.com
  • Free teleprompter example teleprompt.online

Sponsored by HAPS

1 minute
The Human Anatomy & Physiology Society (HAPS) is a sponsor of this podcast.  You can help appreciate their support by clicking the link below and checking out the many resources and benefits found there. Watch for virtual town hall meetings and upcoming regional meetings!
Anatomy & Physiology Society
theAPprofessor.org/haps

An Apology

1 minute
I ask forgiveness for using the term "Spanish flu," which is considered by many to be an insult to Spanish people. I used this term in Mid-Winter Winterizing of Our Courses | Bonus Episode 63

• Spain hated being linked to the deadly 1918 flu pandemic. (Newspaper article) my-ap.us/2CQknwV

If the hyperlinks here are not active, go to TAPPradio.org to find the episode page.

• More details at the episode page.
• Transcript available in the transcript box.
• Listen to any episode on your Alexa device.
• Need help accessing resources locked behind a paywall? Check out this advice from Episode 32 to get what you need! https://youtu.be/JU_l76JGwVw?t=440

Tools & Resources 

Amazon

Text Expander

Rev.com

Snagit & Camtasia

The A&P Professor Logo Items

Sponsors

Transcript and captions for this episode

are supported by the 

American Association for Anatomy.

anatomy.org

The Human Anatomy & Physiology Society 

aprovides marketing support for this podcast. 

theAPprofessor.org/haps

Distribution of this episode is supported by 

NYCC's online graduate program in 

Human Anatomy & Physiology Instruction (HAPI) 

nycc.edu/hapi

Clicking on sponsor links 

helps let them know you appreciate

their support of this podcast!

Follow The A&P Professor on  Twitter, Facebook, Blogger, Nuzzel, Tumblr, or Instagram!

The A&P Professor® and Lion Den® are registered trademarks of Lion Den Inc. (Kevin Patton)

Click here to listen to this episode—or access the detailed notes and transcript.